cameras for CCTV systems are distinguished macroscopically from the cameras for the filming amateur brodcast or mainly for the purpose of the images, in addition to their extreme adaptability to the scene. Usually the CCTV cameras designed to favor the extreme light sensitivity and a high adaptability to different situations and against the light. The cameras differ mostly today for vapor recovery, which may be of a CCD and CMOS, as well as its size ranging from 1 / 4 ", 1 / 3" and 1 / 2 ". The size of the sensor is usually a technical feature important for the quality of the scene.
Sunday, January 11, 2009
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CCTV
cameras for CCTV systems are distinguished macroscopically from the cameras for the filming amateur brodcast or mainly for the purpose of the images, in addition to their extreme adaptability to the scene. Usually the CCTV cameras designed to favor the extreme light sensitivity and a high adaptability to different situations and against the light. The cameras differ mostly today for vapor recovery, which may be of a CCD and CMOS, as well as its size ranging from 1 / 4 ", 1 / 3" and 1 / 2 ". The size of the sensor is usually a technical feature important for the quality of the scene.
cameras for CCTV systems are distinguished macroscopically from the cameras for the filming amateur brodcast or mainly for the purpose of the images, in addition to their extreme adaptability to the scene. Usually the CCTV cameras designed to favor the extreme light sensitivity and a high adaptability to different situations and against the light. The cameras differ mostly today for vapor recovery, which may be of a CCD and CMOS, as well as its size ranging from 1 / 4 ", 1 / 3" and 1 / 2 ". The size of the sensor is usually a technical feature important for the quality of the scene.
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The decree on photovoltaic solar panels
The new decree
incentive approved by the government and the interpretation of GRTN makes it less convenient to the realization of the plants fotovoltaici.Gli Articles 5 and 6 of the Decree of the Minister of Industry in consultation with the Minister for the Environment and Territory , in agreement with the Joint Conference, July 28, 2005, entitled "Criteria for encouraging the production of electricity by photovoltaic conversion of solar energy, had established criteria for determining the scope of incentives for photovoltaic systems are rated lower than 20 kW. With this device, the photovoltaic electricity sold network enjoys the expected economic benefits for renewable energy by Decree 387/2003 and, in addition, an incentive rate graduated according to the size of the plant for a period of twenty years. Applications for incentives made in the years after 2006, the value of the incentive rate shall be reduced by 2 % for each year after 2006. It was also established that the incentive rates are updated as of January 1 of each year based on annual rate of change, referring to the previous twelve months, consumer prices for families of workers and employees, identified by ISTAT. This system incentive seems to have given a sufficient economic advantage investment. In my simulation performed with the help of an Excel spreadsheet by entering the Italian average energy production per kW installed, the current average cost of photovoltaic modules, revenues resulting from the new incentive scheme, an interest rate 4% - 5%, showed for installations under 20 kW, a good economic investment convenience, summarized in a time of economic return of about 12 years, which becomes about 15 years whereas the cost of maintenance, compared to the life-time of 25-30 years and an NPV (Net Present Value) slightly positive, up to a few thousand euro.Il large number of applications submitted by the users has quickly sold out the first 100 MW funded, which prompted the government to issue a second decree was refinanced earlier decision for another 500 MW Sadly, the legislature, perhaps frightened by the success of the first measure, introduced changes that pejorative, and seem particularly penalizing for plants already reported by autorizzati.Come GIFI, and confirmed by GRTN, art. 6, paragraph 6 of the previous Decree was amended by providing that "the updating of tariffs .... is done for each of the years after 2006. " From this small but significant changes mean that all plants licensed before 2006 including those already approved to date, they will lose some revenue tariff related annual updates Istat. In addition, the GRTN interprets the norm considering the incentive rate constant updating in the twenty years Istat valid only in the first year. The inclusion of these changes in my simulation model, determines a worsening of economic performance examined in a further increase of about 3 years time, the economic return (which it nearly coincides with the period of twenty years of incentive) and a near halving of the VAN. This, combined with the recent rise in interest rates and the fact that applications submitted after 2006 is increased by the percentage curtailment of the incentive rate from 2% to 5%, leading to limit the implementation of cost-effectiveness of photovoltaic systems. The fact the more serious of dubious legality that would change the rules of the game when the game has started, changing the cost of investments authorized and programmed by users who have already applied. If you really want to promote the use of solar photovoltaics, the right way is not the increase and the reduction of tariffs.
The new decree
incentive approved by the government and the interpretation of GRTN makes it less convenient to the realization of the plants fotovoltaici.Gli Articles 5 and 6 of the Decree of the Minister of Industry in consultation with the Minister for the Environment and Territory , in agreement with the Joint Conference, July 28, 2005, entitled "Criteria for encouraging the production of electricity by photovoltaic conversion of solar energy, had established criteria for determining the scope of incentives for photovoltaic systems are rated lower than 20 kW. With this device, the photovoltaic electricity sold network enjoys the expected economic benefits for renewable energy by Decree 387/2003 and, in addition, an incentive rate graduated according to the size of the plant for a period of twenty years. Applications for incentives made in the years after 2006, the value of the incentive rate shall be reduced by 2 % for each year after 2006. It was also established that the incentive rates are updated as of January 1 of each year based on annual rate of change, referring to the previous twelve months, consumer prices for families of workers and employees, identified by ISTAT. This system incentive seems to have given a sufficient economic advantage investment. In my simulation performed with the help of an Excel spreadsheet by entering the Italian average energy production per kW installed, the current average cost of photovoltaic modules, revenues resulting from the new incentive scheme, an interest rate 4% - 5%, showed for installations under 20 kW, a good economic investment convenience, summarized in a time of economic return of about 12 years, which becomes about 15 years whereas the cost of maintenance, compared to the life-time of 25-30 years and an NPV (Net Present Value) slightly positive, up to a few thousand euro.Il large number of applications submitted by the users has quickly sold out the first 100 MW funded, which prompted the government to issue a second decree was refinanced earlier decision for another 500 MW Sadly, the legislature, perhaps frightened by the success of the first measure, introduced changes that pejorative, and seem particularly penalizing for plants already reported by autorizzati.Come GIFI, and confirmed by GRTN, art. 6, paragraph 6 of the previous Decree was amended by providing that "the updating of tariffs .... is done for each of the years after 2006. " From this small but significant changes mean that all plants licensed before 2006 including those already approved to date, they will lose some revenue tariff related annual updates Istat. In addition, the GRTN interprets the norm considering the incentive rate constant updating in the twenty years Istat valid only in the first year. The inclusion of these changes in my simulation model, determines a worsening of economic performance examined in a further increase of about 3 years time, the economic return (which it nearly coincides with the period of twenty years of incentive) and a near halving of the VAN. This, combined with the recent rise in interest rates and the fact that applications submitted after 2006 is increased by the percentage curtailment of the incentive rate from 2% to 5%, leading to limit the implementation of cost-effectiveness of photovoltaic systems. The fact the more serious of dubious legality that would change the rules of the game when the game has started, changing the cost of investments authorized and programmed by users who have already applied. If you really want to promote the use of solar photovoltaics, the right way is not the increase and the reduction of tariffs. Friday, November 7, 2008
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What are
What are solar panels?
Solar energy is used by the solar panels to transform it into energy and heat. Two types exist: solar photovoltaic panels and solar thermal panels , while the former produce electricity, the latter using solar energy for water heating and for use domestico.Esistono different types of financing solar panels that the State and the Regions shall make available to citizens and businesses, and there is a very wide choice for the 'installation panels solari.In this site you can browse for the best solar panel manufacturers and find out what costs you will have to support to install solar panels and much more ...
Solar thermal panels. The advantages of solar thermal panels
not intended to replace traditional water heaters or gas that we normally use in our homes. Using solar panels will not face the added risk of being without hot water, but their purpose is to support the already existing means plus the advantage ilegato economic costs of gas. It 's a given that installing solar panels established and thereby reducing the actual costs of water heating. Thanks to some scientific studies, it was estimated that due to the unusual Italian, greater than that of many Northern European countries, dl, installing solar panels and a not too high, you cut down the costs of regional consumption methane of about 8 million cubic meters and 80 GWh in 'use of electricity.
What are solar panels? Solar energy is used by the solar panels to transform it into energy and heat. Two types exist: solar photovoltaic panels and solar thermal panels , while the former produce electricity, the latter using solar energy for water heating and for use domestico.Esistono different types of financing solar panels that the State and the Regions shall make available to citizens and businesses, and there is a very wide choice for the 'installation panels solari.In this site you can browse for the best solar panel manufacturers and find out what costs you will have to support to install solar panels and much more ...
Solar thermal panels. The advantages of solar thermal panels
not intended to replace traditional water heaters or gas that we normally use in our homes. Using solar panels will not face the added risk of being without hot water, but their purpose is to support the already existing means plus the advantage ilegato economic costs of gas. It 's a given that installing solar panels established and thereby reducing the actual costs of water heating. Thanks to some scientific studies, it was estimated that due to the unusual Italian, greater than that of many Northern European countries, dl, installing solar panels and a not too high, you cut down the costs of regional consumption methane of about 8 million cubic meters and 80 GWh in 'use of electricity.
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Casa Energia Expo 2008 - from 29/11/2008 to 08/12/2008 - Milan
Casa Energia Expo 2008 moves to Fiera Milano - Rho and also changes the date of the appointment: the event will take place from November 29 to December 8 in the context of Ecoabitare, the major new event which will occupy the Pavilion 7 within the layout of Artigiano in Fiera. Another important element will be free admission to all exhibition halls, which offer visitors the advantage of avoiding queues. It is a strategic change that was made possible thanks to an agreement between Artenergy Publishing, organizer of the historic house Energy and Ge.Fi. Management Fairs, the organizer of the Artigiano in Fiera, the large annual event that attracts more than 3 million visitors.
Information: www.casaenergia.com
Casa Energia Expo 2008 moves to Fiera Milano - Rho and also changes the date of the appointment: the event will take place from November 29 to December 8 in the context of Ecoabitare, the major new event which will occupy the Pavilion 7 within the layout of Artigiano in Fiera. Another important element will be free admission to all exhibition halls, which offer visitors the advantage of avoiding queues. It is a strategic change that was made possible thanks to an agreement between Artenergy Publishing, organizer of the historic house Energy and Ge.Fi. Management Fairs, the organizer of the Artigiano in Fiera, the large annual event that attracts more than 3 million visitors. Information: www.casaenergia.com
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